Waterfall extravaganza

There are lots of spectacular single waterfalls in Iceland, but Hraunfossar is a real waterfall extravaganza of 900 meters of water falling over rocks.  I’m standing in one spot, trying to capture the entire length of the waterfalls over the next three images.

Hraunfossar waterfalls form along a stretch of lava bordering the Hvítá River. 

Water from the melting Langjökull glacier streams over a lava field formed when a volcano beneath the glacier erupted about 800 A.D., before Iceland was settled The lava field above the shrubby birches is quite visible in this shot.

Clear, filtered water from the glacier flows between lava layers and turns the river a lovely turquoise blue color. The glacier is just barely visible below the clouds in the distance.

You can find close-up views of these waterfalls in most travel ads for Iceland, yet there were hardly any tourists here.

Another photo favorite of Iceland ads…

The only birds we saw here were the Redwing thrushes, which had to sing really loudly to be heard over the roar of the waterfalls.

The lava flow is still bare rock in some places. In others, mosses and shrubby birches have covered the top of the lava field.

Further upstream, the lava gorge narrows, and the water thunders through in a giant roar, creating the waterfall known as Barnafosar, the children’s waterfall.

The waterfall is named for two children who may have perished when they fell from an arch that used to span the Barnafossar waterfall. The story goes that the children’s mother had the arch destroyed so that no other children would suffer the same fate.

The water here flows at an average of 80 cubic meters per second, but can reach 500 cubic meters per second when the river is in flood state. In comparison, the average flow of the upper Mississippi River out of its origin at Lake Itasca (a comparable sized stream) is 6 cubic feet per second (=0.17 cubic meters per second).

Birds, and more birds, on the Snaefellsnes peninsula of Iceland

Iceland may have an impoverished bird fauna, compared to what one can see in the U.K. or Europe, but it more than makes up for it with great numbers of the species that are present.  For the bird photographer, this makes it easier to get some good photos.

A really good place to see seabirds is at the cliffs at Arnarstapi on the southern side of the Snaefellsness peninsula.

Shags weren’t very common here, but a couple of them had carved out some space low on the cliffs.

Kittiwakes are the only gull that nest on cliffs. They were typically found in great numbers lower on the cliff than the fulmars, which are bigger birds and are more aggressive toward everything that approaches their space.

Down on the shoreline below the cliffs were several species of shorebirds, foraging in the sand and rocks right at the edge of the water.

Iceland Gulls are rather small, with pink feet, and bright yellow bills. They actually don’t breed in Iceland, but instead in Greenland and arctic parts of Canada.  Apparently they are still fattening up for spring breeding before migrating.

A lot of Knots. These small birds look like every other shorebird in the winter, but have bright chestnut back and breast in their breeding plumage, which is why some call them “red knots”.  It’s another arctic breeder in Canada, Europe, and Russia.

Also foraging along the shoreline at other points along the Iceland coast were Sanderlings, Ruddy Turnstones, Purple Sandpipers, Ringed Plovers, and Red Shanks.  These species were exploring the seaweed that had washed up on shore, and the crevices between rocks along the shore, turning things over or probing into sand to find small invertebrates there.  They will all fly on from here to their arctic breeding sites in Europe and Russia.

Sanderlings and a Ruddy Turnstone foraging at Akranes beach, Iceland

Purple Sandpipers, Akranes beach, Iceland

Ringed Plover, Akranes beach, Iceland

Red Shanks are well named, as their red legs make them easy to spot.

Arctic terms were flying overhead at Arnarstapi above the grassy meadows, some carrying fish.  This species is the longest distance migrator among all animals, flying from its Antarctic home in our winter to breed in the Arctic in our summer, and then back again, a round trip of about 44,000 miles.

Harlequin ducks are at home in the open ocean, but they breed in cold, fast moving streams in northern North America, Iceland, and Greenland.  The outlandish color pattern of the breeding male gives the duck its name.

Unfortunately, numbers of these handsome ducks are declining rapidly in North America, due to loss of habitat on cold, northern rivers and oil spills. I hope they fare better in Iceland.

The highlights of our bird sightings was finding a breeding pair of Red-throated Loons and Horned Grebe on some of the small lakes that dot the Iceland landscape.  Brilliant colors of these birds light up the infamously gray, cloudy, rainy landscape here.

A pair of Red-throated Divers (Loon) at rest on a small pond

Slavonian (Horned) Grebe, photo by Debbie Reynolds.

A new vista

Farewell, Scotland.  Hello, Iceland — a new vista for us.  And what a unique and interesting place it is.  Here are a few of the vistas we’ve seen in the last two days.

The view from our lodgings at the River Hotel in Hella, about 50 miles east of Reykjavík on the Ring road.

With 18 hours of daylight, who can sleep at 5 a.m.? The birds are up and active on the river at this hour, so I am too.

Iceland’s volcanic origin is evident wherever you go, especially at Thingvellir National Park, Iceland’s equivalent of Yellowstone.

River runoff from the glaciers that cap the central portion of the island are numerous. Excellent fishing here, judging from the 3-foot mounted specimens on the walls of our lodge at the River Hotel.

Neat houses are tucked into hillsides and along waterways, usually far from each other. It’s a mostly deserted landscape, free of human influence…

With lots of Icelandic ponies in open fields.

And of course, the birds — it’s nesting time in the arctic, and the birds are unusually active in these long daylight hours.  There are limited numbers of species breeding on this small island, but lots of individuals of those species present.

Not just one, but a whole herd of Whooper Swans, in the middle of a grassy field, lined up, pairing off? We’ve found big flocks of these huge birds in several areas on our drive around the south coast.

Puffins, puffins, everywhere

The Farne Islands off the coast of Seahouses, England are Puffin central at this time of year.

Puffins are solitary at sea most of the year, but return to favorite nesting areas like the Farne Islands on the northeastern coast of England to breed.  Here they number in the thousands, crowding grassy hillocks where they dig their burrow nests.

We met them swimming in the water fishing for their favorite sand eels (not eels), herring or sprats…

And we found them on rocky prominances, looking out over the sea below…

And we found them all over the grassy mounds in the center of the island where they congregated around burrow holes, and some kind of speed dating process was going on as pairs tried to match up with each other.

Puffins return to the same island, and may return to the same burrow they used the previous year.  They may reunite with the previous year’s partner or search for a new one, forming a monogamous pair bond for the duration of the breeding season.

Every now and then, groups would break up, with individuals flying around, joining up with other groups.

Puffins have very short wings for their stout body, and flap their wings many times per second to propel them through air. Consequently, they are really challenging to capture in flight.

it was fascinating to watch the pairing up rituals, which involved displays by the presumed male (chest puffing, wing flapping, head tilted back and forth), and some beak-to-beak interactions (billing) in and around their burrow.

Pairs form when birds are 4-7 years of age. Prior to breeding juvenile birds remain at sea, perfecting their fishing skills.

“Billing” contact between the breeding pair is essential to building and maintaining the pair bond.

One or both members of the pair improve the burrow by removing dirt with their webbed feet and adding grassy thatch, before the female lays her one egg, which takes 40-45 days of incubation to hatch.  Nestlings are fed a variety of fish for 35 to 50 days, depending on the food supply parents can provide, and then make their way to the open ocean to feed on their own.

Scenes from the Norfolk coast

The Norfolk coast features picturesque scenery, numerous hiking paths, and of course, loads of birds.  Our hike yesterday took us alongside coastal marshes and wide expanses of beach sand untouched by anything except one set of car tracks.  The coastal dunes are protected areas for breeding avocets and ringed plovers, of which we just barely caught a glimpse.

Marshes along the Norfolk coast; mustard blooming in the background.

Small ponds are breeding habitat for the variety of ducks and geese that live here.

Graylag geese flying over the marsh

Coastal dunes

Beach at Holkham gap in Norfolk. From here it’s a 3.5 mile walk back to our house. Dunes off to the left are protected breeding habitat for Ringed Plovers.

Ringed Plovers facing off

 

Down in the mud

The Norfolk coast at Burnham Overy Staithe where we’re staying this week undergoes twice daily low tides that leave boats stranded and large areas of mud for the sea birds to explore.

Norfolk coast at Burnham Overy Staithe at low tide

Low tide seems to be a profitable time to harvest some juicy worms from the mud, as we saw Oystercatchers, Black-headed Gulls, and an assortment of shorebirds doing. These tidal mudflats are a rich source of fuel for migratory birds that pass through here on their way from Africa to northern latitudes in Europe.

Oystercatchers pulling worms from the mud.  They don’t seem to mind getting their legs and bills immersed in the gooey stuff.

Probe and pull, over and over. It seems to help if you have a long bill.

Black-headed Gulls talking about hunting worms in the mud…

Pulling the worms out of the mud requires some effort — they are kind of stuck in there.

Success at last

Several non-avians enjoyed the mudflats on this warm, balmy day as well, sliding, rolling, and throwing big globs of the gooey stuff at each other.

Doesn’t that look like fun? (Photo by Debbie Reynolds)

River dolphins

The Amazon river is a vast and impressive highway, carrying people and goods to and from Ecuador to Peru to Brazil.  It is also home to hundreds of fish, amphibian, and caiman species, as well as the pink river dolphin.

A river dolphin breaks the water for a look around before diving back down

River dolphins in the Amazon are the largest of the fresh water dolphins, with males weighing up to 500 pounds and growing to almost 9 feet in length.  There is pronounced sexual dimorphism in this species, but unlike other whales and dolphins, the females are about one-third smaller than the males, instead of larger.

Unlike dolphins at Sea World, these dolphins did not exhibit any gymnastic leaps and flips for us.  Their heads barely broke the surface and we could barely see their dorsal fin and tails as they dove again.

Males have pinkish bodies and often show battle scars from competition with other males for females during the breeding season.

A bite out of the dorsal fin indicates this individual may have seen some battles with other males.

Males get pinker with age, females and juveniles are gray.  Older dolphins may fade to white.  Photo from Wildlife.net

The huge melon on their forehead is fatty tissue that helps them direct their sonar echolocating beam.  River dolphins emit a small amplitude click that helps them locate nearby objects and prey in the muddy Amazon water.  A longer beam like that emitted by oceanic dolphins would echo back too much confusing information in such a visually obstructed environment.

More than 53 species of fish, river turtles, and crabs are food for river dolphins, with an individual sometimes sharing food with another.  Dolphins may hunt with other species like river otters, putting increased pressure on their prey in a cooperative hunt, but dolphins and otters tend to specialize on different species in the hunt.

If you protect it, they will come

I was very impressed with how much wildlife was present in the roughly square mile of coastal lagoon and marsh habitat of Los Pantanos de Villa on the outskirts of Lima.  The water is exceptionally clear, filtered through a series of canals from the Rimac River.

The refuge abuts the busy industrial district of Chorrillos.

Initial protection, by setting the land aside in 1977, has been steadily upgraded with controls that have finally allowed it to be designated a wildlife refuge. A modest entrance fee of $5 per person allows access to all of the refuge as well as use of boats to float through the waterways in the marshes.  I suppose we could have snuck up on a few more species by taking a boat instead of walking on cattail-lined trails.

American Oystercatchers were numerous on the beach, but this one posed right up on the levee, next to us.

A few whimbrels foraged among the gulls along the beach.

A lone pair of White-cheeked Pintail ducks and a Greater Yellowlegs stayed at the edge of the confusion of Franklin’s Gulls.

Franklin’s Gulls were by far the most numerous birds in the large lagoon.  Many of them seemed to have pinkish stained breasts, perhaps from swimming in water enriched with clay?

Small terrestrial birds were hard to pick out and photograph in the dense vegetation, but one Saffron Finch gave us his best profile.

Scavengers

Where there are large flocks of birds crowding together, there are usually a few fatalities, either from fighting with each other, or from predators.  And where there are carcasses, there are usually vultures, waiting…

What an advertisement for the wildlife refuge at Los Pantanos de Villa in Lima.

Dead palms make excellent perches for scouting out carrion, or for early morning basking.

And they don’t seem to care if you walk right up to them, like this Black Vulture perched on a dead palm.  Dirty feathers are typical of vultures that roost communally and poop on each other overnight.

Turkey Vultures perched near the congregations of Gulls, Terns, and Skimmers in the large lagoon.

Just hanging out, waiting…

There were quite a few dead Gulls and a couple of Snowy Egrets lying on the beach. Some had been picked clean, others looked fresh.

Scavengers, like the vultures, perform essential clean-up, leaving nothing but skeleton and feathers when they have finished with a carcass.

Ugly “duckling”?

Sometimes the very young offspring of otherwise beautiful adults can be surprisingly homely.

A Common Moorhen and her chick swam around in the lagoon channels at Los Pantanos de Villa reserve.

Maybe it’s the bald head and unruly bristled feathers that make the chick of the Common Moorhen so unattractive.  The adults are rather striking with their red and yellow facial patterns and lustrous purple-black plumage.  Curiously, we only saw one chick; were the others eaten or just in hiding?

These and other marsh birds weren’t easy to spot in the lagoons lined with dense layers of narrow leaf cattails.

Every now and then, an opening in the cattails allowed us a glimpse of the waterways.

We managed to see a few other species through the cattail barriers, like this Andean Coot, a larger version of our common American Coot.

Usually seen in large flocks, this lone Andean Coot was patrolling the edges of the waterways. The bill and shield color are highly variable in this species, and are more typically yellow (bill) and chestnut (shield).

Pied-billed Grebes seem to be found everywhere. This one is decked out in its breeding plumage, because of course, it’s summer here.

This little House Wren chick clicked incessantly for its parent to come feed it. The yellow gape at the base of its bill indicates that it has only recently fledged.

Not exactly an ugly duckling in the same way that the Moorhen chick was, but not quite ready for prime time yet either, as its wing and tail feathers are not fully developed.  It’s kind of a teen-ager at this stage of its life.